They wish they were in an antenna and going out as radio waves, but instead they’re in a dummy load and not going anywhere. 50ohm is a common antenna impedance.

The cone snail referenced in the study you linked, Conus geographus, also has the same ion channel disrupting venom that is typical of cone snails. If you were bit by one, you’d die of paralysis. It does appear to use an insulin-like peptide to initially stun the fish, but the coup de grâce is from typical paralytic conotoxins.

A cool discovery nonetheless and TIL. Neat.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25301479/

Conus geographus is the most dangerous cone snail species known, with reported human fatality rates as high as 65%. Crude venom gland extracts have been used to determine animal LD50 and to aid the isolation of several potent paralytic toxins. […]The molecular composition of individual defense-evoked venom showed significant intraspecific variations, but a core of paralytic conotoxins including α-GI, α-GII, μ-GIIIA, ω-GVIA and ω-GVIIA was always present in large amounts, consistent with the symptomology and high fatality rate in humans.

I’m a former biochemist and my university studied conotoxins for use as analgesics. Cone snail venom as commonly understood are ion channel blockers. I’ve not heard of what you’re mentioning until now, but when you mention “cone snail venom”, most biology people are thinking of ion channel blockers. This is their primary method of disabling prey.

If you’re bit by a cone snail and try to drink some soda to counteract the toxin, you’re going to have a bad time. They’re called cigarette snails because you’ve got time to smoke one cig before you die - and not from low blood sugar.

From your source:

For example, fish-hunting cone snails use a “motor cabal” to disrupt the propagation of action potentials at the neuromuscular junction. Motor cabal toxins include those that block presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV), postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), and voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) on muscle cells6.

From Wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conotoxin

As of 2005, five biologically active conotoxins have been identified. Each of the five conotoxins attacks a different target:

• α-conotoxin inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsat nerves and muscles.[11]
• δ-conotoxin inhibits fast inactivation of voltage-dependent sodium channels.[12]
• κ-conotoxin inhibits potassium channels.[13]
• μ-conotoxin inhibits voltage-dependent sodium channels in muscles.[14]
• ω-conotoxin inhibits N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels.[15] Because N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels are related to algesia(sensitivity to pain) in the nervous system, ω-conotoxin has an analgesic effect: the effect of ω-conotoxin M VII A is 100 to 1000 times that of morphine.[16] Therefore, a synthetic version of ω-conotoxin M VII A has found application as an analgesic drug ziconotide (Prialt).[17]

It’s got nothing to do with insulin or glucose levels, though. It blocks either sodium or potassium channels, can’t remember off the dome. Temporarily ruins the electrical conductivity of nerves.

Edit: I stand corrected.

“What the fuck does tempus fuck it mean?”

Settings > Privacy & Security > Lockdown Mode

What are you referring to with “these”?

iOS has lockdown mode. If you have proof of this being bypassed I’d love to see it.

This external drive I have is just USB mass storage. It’s using the USB protocol and shows as removable external storage, same as a flash drive.

Removable storage is not the issue here. There is no significant overhead introduced by having removable storage with USB mass storage protocol.

OP is forced into using MTP which does suck and adds overhead. This is not the “normal” way of transferring to me, that would be USB mass storage.

No, that is not what I am suggesting at all.

Decompressing the zip on the phone is an inefficient operation, as you are reading and writing to/from the same storage device. It’s much more efficient to forgo the zip altogether and just transfer the files from one device to the other. No zipping whatsoever.

As said in other comments, it’s MTP that’s the issue here. Just use USB mass storage. MTP blows.

Interesting, so eSATA protocol can be used over a USB physical link?

Why does this overhead not exist when I’m sending files over USB to an external HDD or flash drive?

I have an external HDD array connected via USB 3.2 and it handles file transfers same as a SATA drive. There’s no handshaking beyond the initial negotiation of the USB connection, certainly not on a per-file basis.

I don’t see that specified anywhere, just looked at OPs history. MTP blows. Surely that’s not the only option on Android these days?

Right… that’s what I’m saying! My entire point.

Sending a zip of music files to a phone, then decompressing that zip on the phone, seems like a really stupid idea to me. You’ve now set up a situation where you’re reading and writing to one drive rather than reading from one and writing to another.

Understood. I’m also talking about sending a full zip over to the flash drive, then unzipping it on that same flash drive.

Music files are large enough to not get affected by overhead like sending a ton of 1kb files. I see no significant difference in transfer time sending 100 10mb files or a single 1000mb file.

This is a totally different story with actually small files (ie kilobytes). Music downloads are not small, they’re multiple megabytes.

This does not match my experiences. Transferring files over USB would absolutely be faster than sending a zip and unzipping it on a flash drive. I can easily do 300MB/s over USB3.2 when transferring music files.

Unzipping a large file is going to be a bunch of reads and write and the large file is going to transfer at the exact same speed as the smaller music files, which are not “small”, they’re still tens of MB. So, the zip and music files take roughly the same time except now you have to wait to unzip with one large file. It does not save time.

Transferring tens of thousands of 1kb files will slow things down, and I’d zip this, but music files are big enough.

Isn’t this just going to be happen when the zip is decompressed, thus not saving time? I would actually expect it to be worse, since now you’re reading and writing from the same drive instead of reading from one, and writing it to another.

You’re not comprehending what you’re reading. In that sentence, when it says it modulates the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response, it’s saying it affects both, It’s not saying that the nervous system itself is pro-inflammatory.

Together, these results uncovered two lines of signalling from the vagal ganglia to the brain. One line (TRPA1) carries anti-inflammatory signals and acts on cNST neurons to enhance the anti-inflammatory response (for example, by positive feedback onto immune cells releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines) and helps to suppress the pro-inflammatory state. The other (CALCA neurons) responds to pro-inflammatory signals and helps to tune down the pro-inflammatory response (for example, by negative feedback onto immune cells releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines).

To “tune down a pro-inflammatory response” and “enhance an anti-inflammatory response” are both anti-inflammatory effects achieved through modulating both anti- and pro- inflammatory responses. Enhance one, diminish another.

We demonstrate that pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines communicate with distinct populations of vagal neurons to inform the brain of an emerging inflammatory response.

Where do you think those cytokines that are influencing the nervous system come from? White blood cells. That’s where it all starts, not the nervous system. You’re putting the cart before the horse.

Chemogenetic activation of the cNST neurons during an immune response suppresses inflammation.

The study you linked demonstrates the brain suppresses inflammation/fever, not promotes it.

The brain is not responsible for fevers, the immune system is.