

Try installing libdvdcss or libdvdcss2. That may make Handbrake work correctly.
Past that, VLC also supports pulling content from DVDs, though it again uses libdvdcss. MakeMKV is probably the easiest option to use, though it will only extract the video/audio content and won’t preserve menus and the like.
Quite honestly though this is one of the things where the bulk of the best tools are Windows-based. The original DVD Decrypter is still rock solid for most DVDs, and anything it can’t handle you can usually get with DVDFab HD Decrypter or AnyDVD. All of those have pretty bare bones minimum system requirements, so your laptop should be able to run 'em. Whether you can do it via Wine/etc. or need to use a Windows VM I can’t tell you, but that’d be where I’d go.
EDIT: You can in fact run DVD Decrypter on Linux through Wine, you just need to use Winetricks to make an application-specific override to set the operating environment to Windows NT 4.0 so it doesn’t error out trying to access the disc drive. Program works great once you do that.
Mind you I tested this on a machine running Linux Mint, but it should work on Debian 11 as well.


Just wanted to follow up since I took a poke at this. Your best bet is still DVD Decrypter, which you can run through Wine. For some reason drive detection fails unless you set the operating environment to Windows NT 4.0, so use Winetricks to make an application-specific override for that. Once you do that you should be able to use it.